Effect of Urban Heat Island on Meningitis: Insights from Remote Sensing Analysis

Abstract

The interaction between urban heat islands (UHIs) and public health is an increasing concern, particularly in semi-arid regions such as Kano Metropolis. Although prior research has identified links between climatic factors and infectious diseases, the specific connection between UHI intensity and meningitis incidence remains insufficiently studied. This study utilized remote sensing methods to examine spatial and temporal UHI patterns through satellite imagery from 2015 to 2023. Epidemiological data on meningitis cases were combined with UHI maps to analyze correlations and identify high-risk zones. Statistical analyses, including ordinal logistic regression, were employed to evaluate the relationship between UHI intensity and disease prevalence. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between UHI intensity and meningitis incidence, with 73% of cases occurring in areas classified under the "Strongest" UHI category. Temporal analysis identified 2017 as the peak year, contributing 94% of the recorded cases. Regression analyses confirmed significant associations, with UHI intensity emerging as a key predictor of meningitis risk (p = 0.01). Spatial visualizations revealed clusters of cases in areas with high UHI intensity, underscoring the compounded health risks in densely urbanized regions. This study emphasizes the significant influence of UHIs on meningitis patterns in Kano Metropolis. The findings highlight the necessity of climate-responsive urban planning and focused public health strategies to reduce disease risks in rapidly urbanizing environments.